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PHP位运算符

在PHP编程语言中，位运算符是一种非常强大的工具，它允许我们对整型数中指定的位进行求值和操作。这些运算符包括按位与(&)、按位或(|)、按位异或(^)、按位取反(~)、左移(<<)和右移(>>)等。这些运算符在处理大量数据或者进行复杂的二进制操作时非常有用。

一、位运算符

例子 名称 结果
$a & $b And（按位与） 将把 $a 和 $b 中都为 1 的位设为 1。
$a | $b Or（按位或） 将把 $a 和 $b 中任何一个为 1 的位设为 1。
$a ^ $b Xor（按位异或） 将把 $a 和 $b 中一个为 1 另一个为 0 的位设为 1。
~ $a Not（按位取反） 将 $a 中为 0 的位设为 1，反之亦然。
$a << $b Shift left（左移） 将 $a 中的位向左移动 $b 次（每一次移动都表示“乘以 2”）。
$a >> $b Shift right（右移） 将 $a 中的位向右移动 $b 次（每一次移动都表示“除以 2”）。

位移在 PHP 中是一种数学运算。当一个数向左或向右移位时，被移出的位都会被丢弃，具体来说，当一个数向左移动时，右侧会以零进行填充，而符号位会被移走，因此不会保留原来的正负号。相反地，当一个数向右移动时，左侧会以符号位进行填充，这样可以保留原来的正负号。

为了确保特定的优先级，我们需要使用括号来包围想要优先计算的部分。例如，在表达式 $a & $b == true 中，首先进行按位与运算，然后再进行比较操作；而在表达式 ($a & $b) == true 中，先进行按位与运算，再进行比较操作。

此外，当使用 &、| 和 ^ 这些位运算符时，如果左右两个操作对象都是字符串类型，那么将对组成字符串的字符的 ASCII 值进行相应的操作，得到的结果仍然是一个字符串。然而，如果操作对象不是字符串，那么它们将被转换为整数类型进行处理，最终的结果也将是整数。

对于 ~ 运算符来说，如果操作对象是字符串类型，则将对组成字符串的字符的 ASCII 值进行操作，得到的结果将是一个字符串；而如果操作对象不是字符串类型，那么操作对象和结果都将是整数。

<< 和 >> 运算符的操作对象和结果始终都是整数。

PHP 的 ini 设定 error_reporting 使用了按位的值，
提供了关闭某个位的真实例子。要显示除了提示级别
之外的所有错误，php.ini 中是这样用的：
E_ALL & ~E_NOTICE
具体运作方式是先取得 E_ALL 的值：
00000000000000000111011111111111
再取得 E_NOTICE 的值：
00000000000000000000000000001000
然后通过 ~ 将其取反：
11111111111111111111111111110111
最后再用按位与 AND（&）得到两个值中都设定了（为 1）的位：
00000000000000000111011111110111
另外一个方法是用按位异或 XOR（^）来取得只在
其中一个值中设定了的位：
E_ALL ^ E_NOTICE
error_reporting 也可用来演示怎样置位。只显示错误和可恢复
错误的方法是：
E_ERROR | E_RECOVERABLE_ERROR
也就是将 E_ERROR
00000000000000000000000000000001
和 E_RECOVERABLE_ERROR
00000000000000000001000000000000
用按位或 OR（|）运算符来取得在任何一个值中被置位的结果：
00000000000000000001000000000001

二、整数AND/OR/XOR

1、整数的 AND，OR 和 XOR 位运算符

<?php
/*
* 忽略顶部，
* 它只是为了使输出更加清晰而格式化。
*/

$format = '(%1$2d = %1$04b) = (%2$2d = %2$04b)'
. ' %3$s (%4$2d = %4$04b)' . "\n";

echo <<<EOH
--------- --------- -- ---------
result value op test
--------- --------- -- ---------
EOH;


/*
* 这是示例。
*/
$values = array(0, 1, 2, 4, 8);
$test = 1 + 4;

echo "\n Bitwise AND \n";
foreach ($values as $value) {
$result = $value & $test;
printf($format, $result, $value, '&', $test);
}

echo "\n Bitwise Inclusive OR \n";
foreach ($values as $value) {
$result = $value | $test;
printf($format, $result, $value, '|', $test);
}

echo "\n Bitwise Exclusive OR (XOR) \n";
foreach ($values as $value) {
$result = $value ^ $test;
printf($format, $result, $value, '^', $test);
}
?>

以上示例会输出：

--------- --------- -- ---------
result value op test
--------- --------- -- ---------
Bitwise AND
( 0 = 0000) = ( 0 = 0000) & ( 5 = 0101)
( 1 = 0001) = ( 1 = 0001) & ( 5 = 0101)
( 0 = 0000) = ( 2 = 0010) & ( 5 = 0101)
( 4 = 0100) = ( 4 = 0100) & ( 5 = 0101)
( 0 = 0000) = ( 8 = 1000) & ( 5 = 0101)

Bitwise Inclusive OR
( 5 = 0101) = ( 0 = 0000) | ( 5 = 0101)
( 5 = 0101) = ( 1 = 0001) | ( 5 = 0101)
( 7 = 0111) = ( 2 = 0010) | ( 5 = 0101)
( 5 = 0101) = ( 4 = 0100) | ( 5 = 0101)
(13 = 1101) = ( 8 = 1000) | ( 5 = 0101)

Bitwise Exclusive OR (XOR)
( 5 = 0101) = ( 0 = 0000) ^ ( 5 = 0101)
( 4 = 0100) = ( 1 = 0001) ^ ( 5 = 0101)
( 7 = 0111) = ( 2 = 0010) ^ ( 5 = 0101)
( 1 = 0001) = ( 4 = 0100) ^ ( 5 = 0101)
(13 = 1101) = ( 8 = 1000) ^ ( 5 = 0101)

三、字符串XOR运算符

<?php
echo 12 ^ 9; // 输出 '5'

echo "12" ^ "9"; // 输出退格字符 (ascii 8)
// ('1' (ascii 49)) ^ ('9' (ascii 57)) = #8

echo "hallo" ^ "hello"; // 输出 ascii 值 #0 #4 #0 #0 #0
// 'a' ^ 'e' = #4

echo 2 ^ "3"; // 输出 1
// 2 ^ ((int)"3") == 1

echo "2" ^ 3; // 输出 1
// ((int)"2") ^ 3 == 1
?>

四、整数的位移

<?php
/*
* 这是示例。
*/

echo "\n--- BIT SHIFT RIGHT ON POSITIVE INTEGERS ---\n";

$val = 4;
$places = 1;
$res = $val >> $places;
p($res, $val, '>>', $places, 'copy of sign bit shifted into left side');

$val = 4;
$places = 2;
$res = $val >> $places;
p($res, $val, '>>', $places);

$val = 4;
$places = 3;
$res = $val >> $places;
p($res, $val, '>>', $places, 'bits shift out right side');

$val = 4;
$places = 4;
$res = $val >> $places;
p($res, $val, '>>', $places, 'same result as above; can not shift beyond 0');

echo "\n--- BIT SHIFT RIGHT ON NEGATIVE INTEGERS ---\n";

$val = -4;
$places = 1;
$res = $val >> $places;
p($res, $val, '>>', $places, 'copy of sign bit shifted into left side');

$val = -4;
$places = 2;
$res = $val >> $places;
p($res, $val, '>>', $places, 'bits shift out right side');

$val = -4;
$places = 3;
$res = $val >> $places;
p($res, $val, '>>', $places, 'same result as above; can not shift beyond -1');
echo "\n--- BIT SHIFT LEFT ON POSITIVE INTEGERS ---\n";

$val = 4;
$places = 1;
$res = $val << $places;
p($res, $val, '<<', $places, 'zeros fill in right side');

$val = 4;
$places = (PHP_INT_SIZE * 8) - 4;
$res = $val << $places;
p($res, $val, '<<', $places);

$val = 4;
$places = (PHP_INT_SIZE * 8) - 3;
$res = $val << $places;
p($res, $val, '<<', $places, 'sign bits get shifted out');

$val = 4;
$places = (PHP_INT_SIZE * 8) - 2;
$res = $val << $places;
p($res, $val, '<<', $places, 'bits shift out left side');

echo "\n--- BIT SHIFT LEFT ON NEGATIVE INTEGERS ---\n";

$val = -4;
$places = 1;
$res = $val << $places;
p($res, $val, '<<', $places, 'zeros fill in right side');

$val = -4;
$places = (PHP_INT_SIZE * 8) - 3;
$res = $val << $places;
p($res, $val, '<<', $places);

$val = -4;
$places = (PHP_INT_SIZE * 8) - 2;
$res = $val << $places;
p($res, $val, '<<', $places, 'bits shift out left side, including sign bit');


/*
* 忽略顶部，
* 它只是为了使输出更加清晰而格式化。
*/

function p($res, $val, $op, $places, $note = '') {
$format = '%0' . (PHP_INT_SIZE * 8) . "b\n";

printf("Expression: %d = %d %s %d\n", $res, $val, $op, $places);

echo " Decimal:\n";
printf(" val=%d\n", $val);
printf(" res=%d\n", $res);

echo " Binary:\n";
printf(' val=' . $format, $val);
printf(' res=' . $format, $res);

if ($note) {
echo " NOTE: $note\n";
}

echo "\n";
}
?>

以上示例在 32 位机器上的输出:

--- BIT SHIFT RIGHT ON POSITIVE INTEGERS ---
Expression: 2 = 4 >> 1
Decimal:
val=4
res=2
Binary:
val=00000000000000000000000000000100
res=00000000000000000000000000000010
NOTE: copy of sign bit shifted into left side

Expression: 1 = 4 >> 2
Decimal:
val=4
res=1
Binary:
val=00000000000000000000000000000100
res=00000000000000000000000000000001

Expression: 0 = 4 >> 3
Decimal:
val=4
res=0
Binary:
val=00000000000000000000000000000100
res=00000000000000000000000000000000
NOTE: bits shift out right side

Expression: 0 = 4 >> 4
Decimal:
val=4
res=0
Binary:
val=00000000000000000000000000000100
res=00000000000000000000000000000000
NOTE: same result as above; can not shift beyond 0

--- BIT SHIFT RIGHT ON NEGATIVE INTEGERS ---
Expression: -2 = -4 >> 1
Decimal:
val=-4
res=-2
Binary:
val=11111111111111111111111111111100
res=11111111111111111111111111111110
NOTE: copy of sign bit shifted into left side

Expression: -1 = -4 >> 2
Decimal:
val=-4
res=-1
Binary:
val=11111111111111111111111111111100
res=11111111111111111111111111111111
NOTE: bits shift out right side

Expression: -1 = -4 >> 3
Decimal:
val=-4
res=-1
Binary:
val=11111111111111111111111111111100
res=11111111111111111111111111111111
NOTE: same result as above; can not shift beyond -1

--- BIT SHIFT LEFT ON POSITIVE INTEGERS ---
Expression: 8 = 4 << 1
Decimal:
val=4
res=8
Binary:
val=00000000000000000000000000000100
res=00000000000000000000000000001000
NOTE: zeros fill in right side

Expression: 1073741824 = 4 << 28
Decimal:
val=4
res=1073741824
Binary:
val=00000000000000000000000000000100
res=01000000000000000000000000000000

Expression: -2147483648 = 4 << 29
Decimal:
val=4
res=-2147483648
Binary:
val=00000000000000000000000000000100
res=10000000000000000000000000000000
NOTE: sign bits get shifted out

Expression: 0 = 4 << 30
Decimal:
val=4
res=0
Binary:
val=00000000000000000000000000000100
res=00000000000000000000000000000000
NOTE: bits shift out left side

--- BIT SHIFT LEFT ON NEGATIVE INTEGERS ---
Expression: -8 = -4 << 1
Decimal:
val=-4
res=-8
Binary:
val=11111111111111111111111111111100
res=11111111111111111111111111111000
NOTE: zeros fill in right side

Expression: -2147483648 = -4 << 29
Decimal:
val=-4
res=-2147483648
Binary:
val=11111111111111111111111111111100
res=10000000000000000000000000000000

Expression: 0 = -4 << 30
Decimal:
val=-4
res=0
Binary:
val=11111111111111111111111111111100
res=00000000000000000000000000000000
NOTE: bits shift out left side, including sign bit

以上示例在 64 位机器上的输出:

--- BIT SHIFT RIGHT ON POSITIVE INTEGERS ---
Expression: 2 = 4 >> 1
Decimal:
val=4
res=2
Binary:
val=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100
res=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010
NOTE: copy of sign bit shifted into left side

Expression: 1 = 4 >> 2
Decimal:
val=4
res=1
Binary:
val=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100
res=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001

Expression: 0 = 4 >> 3
Decimal:
val=4
res=0
Binary:
val=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100
res=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
NOTE: bits shift out right side

Expression: 0 = 4 >> 4
Decimal:
val=4
res=0
Binary:
val=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100
res=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
NOTE: same result as above; can not shift beyond 0

--- BIT SHIFT RIGHT ON NEGATIVE INTEGERS ---
Expression: -2 = -4 >> 1
Decimal:
val=-4
res=-2
Binary:
val=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111100
res=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111110
NOTE: copy of sign bit shifted into left side

Expression: -1 = -4 >> 2
Decimal:
val=-4
res=-1
Binary:
val=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111100
res=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
NOTE: bits shift out right side

Expression: -1 = -4 >> 3
Decimal:
val=-4
res=-1
Binary:
val=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111100
res=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
NOTE: same result as above; can not shift beyond -1

--- BIT SHIFT LEFT ON POSITIVE INTEGERS ---
Expression: 8 = 4 << 1
Decimal:
val=4
res=8
Binary:
val=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100
res=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000
NOTE: zeros fill in right side

Expression: 4611686018427387904 = 4 << 60
Decimal:
val=4
res=4611686018427387904
Binary:
val=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100
res=0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

Expression: -9223372036854775808 = 4 << 61
Decimal:
val=4
res=-9223372036854775808
Binary:
val=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100
res=1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
NOTE: sign bits get shifted out

Expression: 0 = 4 << 62
Decimal:
val=4
res=0
Binary:
val=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100
res=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
NOTE: bits shift out left side

--- BIT SHIFT LEFT ON NEGATIVE INTEGERS ---
Expression: -8 = -4 << 1
Decimal:
val=-4
res=-8
Binary:
val=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111100
res=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111000
NOTE: zeros fill in right side

Expression: -9223372036854775808 = -4 << 61
Decimal:
val=-4
res=-9223372036854775808
Binary:
val=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111100
res=1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

Expression: 0 = -4 << 62
Decimal:
val=-4
res=0
Binary:
val=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111100
res=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
NOTE: bits shift out left side, including sign bit

注意：使用 gmp 扩展对超出 PHP_INT_MAX 的数值来进行位操作。

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